BITM Structured Programming in C

Definition of programming language. Importance of programming in computing. Types of programming languages. Programming Approach: Concept and definition of Top-Down Approach and Bottom-Up Approach. Algorithm (Definition and characteristics, Basic Operations of an Algorithm with example). Flowchart (Definition and symbols used, Guidelines for flowcharting, Conversion of algorithm to flowchart, Basic Operations of a flowchart with examples).

C Standards. Features of C. Structure of a C program. compilation and execution. Character Set. C Tokens (Keywords, Identifiers, Constants, Strings, Operators, Delimiters). Data Types. Escape Sequences. Variables, Constants (Literal Constants and Symbolic Constants). Writing Comments. Expressions and Statements. Preprocessor Directives. Arithmetic Operators. Unary Operators. Relational and Logical Operators. The Comma Operator. Assignment Operators. The Conditional Operator. Size of Operator. Operator Precedence and Associativity.

Introduction. Single Character Input and Output. The printf() and scanf() Functions. Conversion Characters. Formatted and Unformatted I/O.

Introduction to simple and compound statement. Sequential statement. Branching statement (Simple if statement, if-else statement, Nested if-else statement, else-if ladder, switch statement, go to statement). Looping statement (for loop, while loop, do while, Nested loop). Loop interruption (break, continue).

Introduction to function. Advantages of function. Types of Function (Built-in and user defined function). Elements of user-defined function (Function definition, Function prototype, Function parameters). Scope rules (Global Variables and Static Variables). Category of User defined functions (Functions with no arguments and no return values, Functions with arguments and no return values, Functions with arguments and return values, Functions with no arguments and return values). Recursive functions. Function call by values and reference.

Defining and Processing Arrays. Types of Arrays: Single dimensional and Multidimensional. Array Initialization. Passing Arrays to Functions. Character Arrays. Strings. String Definition. NULL Character. String Initialization. Reading and Writing Strings. Processing Strings. Passing Strings to Functions. Library Functions for String Handling.

Basics of Pointer. The & and * Operators. Pointer Declaration. Pointer Arithmetic. Pointers and Arrays. Dynamic Memory Allocation (malloc, calloc, free, realloc). Operations on Pointers. Array of Pointers, Passing and Returning Pointers to/from a Function.

Defining a structure. Declaring and accessing structure elements. Initializing structure. Array of structure. Pointer within structure. Structure within structure. Array within structure. Passing and returning structures to/from function. Unions. Comparison between structure and union.

Introduction to Files, Text and Binary Files. File Modes. File Operation (open, read, write, append, close). Accessing the File sequentially and randomly.

Concepts of Graphics. Graphics Initialization and Modes. Introduction to Graphics Function.