BITM Object Oriented Programming in Java

The Creation of Java. Java's lineage and its influence on modern programming. Java's impact on the Internet. Java Buzzwords (Simple, Object-Oriented, Robust, Multithreaded, Architecture Neutral, Interpreted, High Performance, Distributed, Dynamic). Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and Java Development Kit (JDK) architecture and roles. The Bytecode. compilation model vs. interpretation model. Platform independence. Writing, Compiling, and Running Simple Java Programs using Command Line and IDE. Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm: Overview of OOP principles (Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction). Using Command Line Arguments. Reading Input with Scanner. Writing Output with System.out.

Writing Comments. Primitive Data Types (byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean). Variables and Constants. Type Conversion and Casting. Automatic Type Promotion Rules. Operators: Arithmetic, Bitwise, Relational, Logical (short-circuit), Assignment, Conditional (?:), sizeof equivalent. Operator Precedence and Associativity. Using Parentheses. Control Statements: if, if else, nested if else, else if ladder, switch. Iteration Statements: while, do while, for, enhanced for each loop, nested loops. Jump Statements: break, continue, return. Working with Big Numbers (BigInteger, BigDecimal overview). Declaration, Initialization, and Processing of One Dimensional and Multidimensional Arrya. Passing Arrays to Methods.

Object Oriented Principles: Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, Polymorphism. Defining Classes: fields, methods, and the general form of a class. Creating Objects and Accessing Class Members. Assigning Object Reference Variables. Methods: Adding Methods, Returning Values, Method Parameters and Return Types. Method Overloading. Constructors: Default and Parameterized. Constructor Overloading. the this Keyword. Variable Length Arguments. Access Control: public, private, protected, default. JavaBeans convention. static Fields and Methods. final Variables, Methods, and Classes. The Object Class. Nested and Inner Classes: static nested, inner, local, and anonymous classes. Garbage Collection and Finalization. Object Lifecycle. Creating and Using Packages. import statements. CLASSPATH.

Inheritance Basics: extends keyword, member access, IS-A relationship. Using super: calling superclass constructors and overridden methods. Method Overriding: rules, @Override annotation, covariant return types. Dynamic Method Dispatch: runtime polymorphism. why overridden methods matter. Abstract Classes: abstract methods and the template method concept. inheritance types. Using final with Inheritance (preventing overriding and subclassing). Interfaces: defining, implementing, and extending interfaces. Default and Static Methods in Interfaces (Java 8+). multiple interface inheritance. Functional Interfaces and the @FunctionalInterface annotation. Sealed Classes overview. Liskov Substitution Principle.

Exception Handling Fundamentals. Exception Hierarchy: Throwable, Error, Exception, Runtime Exception. Checked vs. Unchecked Exceptions. understanding uncaught exceptions and stack traces. Using try, catch, and finally blocks. multiple catch clauses. nested try statements. Multi catch (Java 7+). try with resources for automatic resource management. throw and throws keywords. exception chaining (initCause, getCause). Java's Built in Exceptions overview. Creating Custom Exception Subclasses. best practices for exception design.

Importance of Generic Programming. defining Generic Classes and Methods. type parameters. Bounded Wildcards (extends/super). type erasure and heap pollution. Restrictions and Limitations of Generics. Inheritance Rules with Generics. The Java Collections Framework: List, Set, Map, Queue, and Deque interfaces. Iterators and the Iterable interface. enhanced for loop with collections. Type Wrappers: Character, Boolean, numeric wrappers. Autoboxing and Unboxing. Autoboxing in expressions. autoboxing with Boolean and Character. preventing errors.

The Java Thread Model: threads vs. processes. benefits of multithreading. Thread Priorities. synchronization. messaging between threads. The Thread Class and the Runnable Interface. the main thread. Creating Threads: implementing Runnable. extending Thread class. Creating Multiple Threads. using isAlive() and join(). Thread Priorities and scheduling. Synchronization: synchronized methods and synchronized statements.

String Class: constructors, length, special operators (concatenation, conversion, toString()). Character extraction: charAt() and getChars(). String comparison methods. Modifying Strings: substring(), concat(), replace(), trim(). StringBuffer and StringBuilder: mutable strings, performance considerations. String Handling Library Functions overview. Math Class: commonly used mathematical methods. Primitive Type Wrappers: Character, Boolean, Integer, Double methods and conversions. Introduction to Lambda Expressions and Stream API (overview for modern Java awareness).

Introduction to Files. File class: creating, deleting, listing files and directories. File Modes and I/O Exceptions. AutoCloseable, Closeable, and Flushable Interfaces. Byte Streams: InputStream, OutputStream, FileInputStream, FileOutputStream. PrintStream, DataOutputStream, DataInputStream. RandomAccessFile for random access. Character Streams: Reader, Writer. FileReader, FileWriter, PrintWriter, BufferedReader, BufferedWriter. The Console Class. reading from standard input and writing formatted output. NIO.2 API (java.nio.file): Path, Files, Paths modern file operations. Sequential and Random Access to Files. Serialization: Serializable interface, ObjectOutputStream, ObjectInputStream. I/O Classes and Interfaces review.