BIT Introduction to Information Technology
bitsemester 1
Introduction to Information Technology
Subject Code: BIT101
Course Title: Introduction to Information Technology
Course No: BIT101
Nature of Course: Theory & Practical
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 40
Credit Hours: 3
Course Description
This course covers basic concepts of computers, computer hardware, memory, input/output devices, computer software, data representation, database, computer networks, internet, computer security and applications of IT.
Course Objective
The main objective of this course is to provide basic knowledge of fundamental concepts of computer system and Information Technology.
Course Contents
| Contents from syllabus | Description of content of the sub-unit (depth) | Text book reference | Methodology | Hours |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit-01: Introduction to Computer | Chapter-1 | 4 Hrs. | ||
| Introduction of Computer | Definition and use of computers. | 1.1 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Characteristics of Computer | Characteristics of computer (Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability, versatility) | 1.3 | Class Lecture | |
| History of Computer | History of computing of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of today. | 1.4 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Generations of Computer | Generations of computers from first to fifth with varying hardware and software technologies. | 1.5 | Class Lecture | |
| Digital and Analog Computers | Definition and uses of digital and analog computers with example. Differences between digital, analog and hybrid computers. | 1.2 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Classification of Computer based on size | Classification of computers based on size and type: super-computer, mainframe-computer, minicomputer, micro-computer. Characteristics of each class. | 1.6 | Class Lecture | |
| The Computer System | The computer system and their components (Hardware, software, data, users) | 1.7 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Application of Computers | Applications of computers in different sectors like education, health, agriculture, entertainment, scientific research, sports etc. | 1.8 | Class Lecture / Group Discussion | |
| Unit-02: Computer Hardware | Chapter-2 | 8 Hrs. | ||
| A. Introduction | 2.1 | Class Lecture | 1 | |
| Central Processing Unit; Components of CPU | CPU and its functions. Different components of CPU (arithmetic logic unit, registers, control unit) | 2.2 | Class Lecture | |
| Instruction Format | What is instruction format? Concept of operation code and operand code. | 2.4 | Class Lecture | |
| Instruction Set | Definition and example of instruction set. | 2.5 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Instruction Cycle | What is Instruction cycle? Fetching, decoding, executing, and storing steps of instruction cycle. | 2.6 | Class Lecture | |
| Microprocessor | RISC and CISC based architecture. Concept of pipeline and parallel processing. | 2.7 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Computer Bus | Concept and types of bus. Concept of expansion slots and ports. | 2.8 | Class Lecture | |
| Components of Computer Cabinet (Power Supply, Motherboard, memory chips, expansion slots, ports and interface, processor, cables and Storage devices) | Different components inside a computer cabinet like motherboard, ports and interfaces, expansion slots, memory chips, processor, hard disk etc. | 2.10 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| B. Computer memory | Chapter-3 | |||
| Memory Representation | Description of bit, byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte and terabyte and Concept of memory organization as a linear array of locations for storing data. | 3.2 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Memory Hierarchy | Memory hierarchy from registers to magnetic tape. | 3.3 | Class Lecture | |
| CPU Register | Description of CPU registers as working memory. | 3.4 | Class Lecture | |
| Cache Memory | Description cache memory and its levels. | 3.5 | Class Lecture | |
| Primary Memory (RAM, ROM) | What is primary memory? Different types of primary memory. | 3.6 | Class Lecture | |
| Secondary Memory (Magnetic Tape; Magnetic Disk; Optical Disk; Magneto-Optical Disk, Flash Memory Device) | Secondary memory and their types. Working characteristics and features of Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Disk, Optical Disk, Magneto-Optical Disk, Flash Memory Device | 3.7 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Access types of storage devices (sequential and direct) | Definition and characteristics of Sequential access and direct access devices. | 3.8 | Class Lecture | |
| C. Input and Output Devices | Chapter-4 | |||
| Input-Output Unit | Definition, uses of input/output devices and how it works. | 4.2 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Input Devices (Human Data Entry Devices; Source Data Entry Devices) | Definition of Human Data Entry Devices and Source Data Entry Devices. Features and description of Human data entry devices (Keyboard, pointing devices—Mouse, trackball, joystick, digitizing tablet, Pick devices—Light pen, touch screen). Features and description of Source data entry devices (Audio input device (microphone, sound card, speech recognition), Video input device (video camera, digital camera), Optical input devices—Scanner (hand held, flat bed), OCR, MICR, OMR, barcode reader | 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 | Class Lecture | |
| Output Devices (Hard copy devices; Soft copy devices) | Definition, uses of output devices and how it works. Classification and functional details of Output devices (Hard copy and soft copy devices). | 4.6 | Class Lecture | |
| I/O Port | Use of I/O ports, types I/O ports | 4.7 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| I/O System | Explain the working of I/O system—I/O devices, device controller, device driver, Application Programs. | 4.8 | Class Lecture | |
| Unit-03: Computer Software | Chapter-6 | 6 Hrs. | ||
| A. Introduction | 6.1 | Class Lecture | 1 | |
| Types of Software | Classification of software (System software and Application software). | 6.2 | Class Lecture | |
| System Software | Functionality and purpose of system software | 6.3 | Class Lecture | |
| Device Drivers and Utility software | Function and example of Device Drivers and Utility software. | 6.3.2, 6.3.3 | Class Lecture | |
| Programming Languages | Definition and categories of Programming Languages. Different Generations of Programming Languages. | 6.3.4 | Class Lecture | |
| Language Translators: assembler, compiler | Different kind of translator software (Assembler, Compiler, and Interpreter) and function of each. | 6.3.5 | Class Lecture | |
| Application Software | Functionality and purpose of application software | 6.4 | Class Lecture | |
| B. Operating System | Chapter-7 | |||
| Introduction | Explain the need of operating system in the computer system | 7.1 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Objectives of Operating System | Main key Objectives of Operating System | 7.2 | Class Lecture | |
| Types of OS | Single user and single task, single user and multitasking, multiuser, multiprocessing, real time, embedded OS | 7.3 | Class Lecture | |
| Functions of OS | Process management, memory management, file management, device management, protection and security, user interface | 7.4 | Class Lecture | |
| Process Management | Process—Process states (new, ready, running, waiting, terminated). CPU scheduling—Scheduler, scheduling algorithms (FCFS, SJF, RR). Process synchronization—Concurrent processes, race condition. Deadlock—Deadlock conditions, deadlock prevention, deadlock avoidance | 7.5 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Memory Management | Memory allocation—Multiple partition allocation, paging. Virtual memory—Demand paging | 7.6 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| File Management | Files, directory structure | 7.7 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Device Management | Device drivers, I/O scheduling, buffering, spooling | 7.8 | Class Lecture | |
| Protection and Security | Protection mechanism of programs, processes, users and to the resources. | 7.9 | Class Lecture | |
| User Interface | CLI, GUI | 7.10 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Examples of Operating Systems | MS-DOS, Windows family of OS, Linux | 7.11 | Class Lecture | |
| Software Licensing | Licensing policy concept of software. | Class Lecture | ||
| Open-Source Software | Definition and benefits of using Open-Source software | Class Lecture | ||
| Case study: Unix Vs Windows | Difference between Unix and Windows operating system in various aspects. | Case study | ||
| Unit-4: Data Representation | Chapter-5 | 5 Hrs. | ||
| Introduction | What are various kinds of data stored in computer (Numeric, Alphabetic, Alphanumeric, symbol). Different number systems (Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal). | 5.1 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Number System | Representation of various number systems. | 5.2 | Class Lecture | |
| Conversion from Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal | Method used for Conversion from Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal | 5.3 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal | Method used for Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal | 5.4 | Class Lecture | |
| Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal | Method used for Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal | 5.5 | Class Lecture | |
| Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary | Method used for Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary | 5.6 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Binary Arithmetic | Binary arithmetic operations—addition, subtraction of signed and unsigned numbers. | 5.7 | Class Lecture | 2 |
| Unit-05: Computer Networks and Internet Services | Chapter-9 | 10 Hrs. | ||
| A. Computer Network | 5 Hrs. | |||
| Introduction | Brief background about data communication and the computer networks and their importance. | 9.1 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Importance of Networking | Resource sharing, information sharing, as a communication medium, back-up and support | 9.2 | Class Lecture | |
| Data Transmission Media (Twisted pair, coaxial cable, Optical fiber, RF transmission, microwave transmission, satellite transmission) | Twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber, RF transmission, microwave transmission, satellite transmission | 9.3 | Class Lecture | |
| Data Transmission across Media | Transmission modes—Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex. Transmission speed—Bandwidth, throughput, attenuation, distortion. Fundamentals of transmission—Electromagnetic waves, signals: Analog and digital signals; Modulation and demodulation—Amplitude, frequency, phase shift; Multiplexing—FDM, WDM; Asynchronous and synchronous transmission | 9.4 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Data Transmission and Data Networking | Switching - Circuit switching, message switching, packet switching | 9.5 | Class Lecture | |
| Network Types | Network types—LAN, MAN, WAN | 9.6.1 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Network Topology | Network topologies—Bus, ring, star | 9.6.2 | Class Lecture | |
| Communication Protocol | Communication protocol—The seven layers of OSI model | 9.6.3 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Network Devices | Network devices—NIC, repeater, bridge, hub, switch, router, gateway | 9.6.4 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Wireless Networking | Bluetooth technology, wireless LAN, wireless WAN | 9.7 | Class Lecture | |
| B. Internet | 5 hrs. | |||
| History of Internet | TCP/IP, Internet applications, WWW, browser | 10.2 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Internetworking Protocol | TCP/IP | 10.3 | Class Lecture | |
| The Internet Architecture | Client, local ISP, regional ISP, backbone | 10.4 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Managing the Internet | ISOC, IAB, IETF, IESG, IRTF, IANA, InterNIC, W3C | 10.5 | Class Lecture | |
| Internet Connections | Dial-up access, leased line, ISDN, DSL, cable modem | 10.7 | Class Lecture | |
| Internet Address; WWW, Domain Name System | WWW, Domain Name System | 10.8 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Internet Services; E-mail and its working principle; E-commerce and E-governance | WWW—Web browser, URL, Internet search engines, WWW development languages. Electronic mail—E-mail address, e-mail message format, e-mail services (application based e-mail, webmail), how email works (client-server model). File transfer protocol—How FTP works (client-server model). Terminal network. News. Internet relay chat | 10.9 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Web2.0 | What is Web? Explain web2.0 | Ver | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Internet of Things (IoT) | What is Internet of Things (IoT)? | Class Lecture | ||
| Wearable computing | What is Wearable computing? | Class Lecture | ||
| Cloud computing | Cloud computing and it's importance | Class Lecture | ||
| Smart City | Smart cities vs ICT and it's importance | Class Lecture | ||
| Case Study: ISP in Nepal and their services | Case Study: ISP in Nepal and their services | Case Study and presentation | ||
| Unit-06: Database System | 5 Hrs. | |||
| Introduction | What is Database, DBMS and RDBMS? | Class Lecture | 1 | |
| Database | File-oriented approach and database approach. Characteristics of database approach. Data models, schemas and instances. Conceptual data model—Entity, attribute, relationship, and E-R model. Representation data model—Hierarchical, network, relational data model. Low level, or physical data model | 12.2 | Class Lecture | |
| Database System | Components of database system—Users, software, hardware, and data. Architecture of database system—Internal level, conceptual level, and external level | 12.3 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Database Management System | Data independence—Logical data independence, physical data independence. Data dictionary, Database Administrator (DBA). Database languages—DDL, and DML | Class Lecture | ||
| Database System Architectures | Centralized DBMS architecture, client-server architecture, and distributed database | 12.5 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Database Applications | Different purposes like (1) personal databases; (2) workgroup databases (3) departmental databases and (4) enterprise databases | Class Lecture | 1 | |
| Introduction to Data Warehousing | Concept of Data Warehouse | Class Lecture | 1 | |
| Data mining | Concept of Data mining | Class Lecture | ||
| BigData | Concept of BigData | Class Lecture | ||
| Unit-07: Computer Security | Class Lecture | 4 Hrs. | ||
| Introduction (Security attacks, security mechanisms, security services) | Background about why we require Computer security with different types of security attacks, mechanism available and various services provided by a system. | 14.1 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Security Threat and Security Attack | Difference between Security Threat and Security Attack. Types of security attack. | 14.2 | Class Lecture | |
| Malicious Software | Virus, worm, trojan horse, JavaScript, java applet, ActiveX control | 14.3 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Security Services | Confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation | 14.5 | Class Lecture | |
| Security Mechanisms (Cryptography, Digital Signature, Firewall, Users Authentication, Intrusion Detection Systems) | Cryptography—Secret key cryptography, public-key cryptography, hash function. Digital signature—Digital signature algorithms. Firewall—Functions of firewall, working principle, types of firewall (packet filter firewall, circuit filter firewall, proxy or application-level firewall). Users' identification and authentication—User name and password, smart card, biometrics. Other security measures—Intrusion detection systems, virus protection software, data and information backups, SSL, IPsec protocol | 14.6 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Security Awareness | Security awareness to enhance the security of the organization's resources by improving the awareness of the need to secure the system resources. | 14.12 | Class Lecture | 1 |
| Security Policy | Formulating a security policy | 14.13 | Class Lecture | |
| Unit-08: Application and Impact of IT | 3 Hrs. | |||
| Application of IT | Describe what is IT and explain various areas where IT can use. | Case Study and Presentation | 2 | |
| Impact of IT on organization and individuals | Explain how technology and information systems are essential to maintaining, supporting, and enriching many aspects of the lives of individuals, operations of organizations. Explain both Positive and negative impact. | Case Study and Presentation | ||
| Societal impacts of IT | Explain society and how technology and information systems influencing many aspects of societies. | Case Study and Presentation | ||
| IT Strategic Planning | Explain the concept of organization Strategic Planning and IT strategic planning to meet organization strategic objectives and business goals. | Class Lecture | 1 | |
| IT and Business Alignment | Explain how IT Operational or tactical (getting technology in place) align with the business objectives and to drive business results. | Class Lecture | ||
Text Books
1. Computer Fundamentals, Anita Goel, Pearson Education India
Reference Books
1. Introduction to Computers, Peter Norton, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill Education
2. Fundamentals of Information Technology, Leon and Leon
3. Computer Fundamental, Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinha
4. Introduction to Information Technology, E. Turban
5. Information Technology for Management, E.Turban, C. Pollard, G. Wood, Wiley Publication
6. Information Technology for Management, Henry C. Lucas, Jr.
Lab Works
The laboratory work includes
1. Practical knowledge of Hardware components of computer
2. Operating systems (DOS and Windows Operating System)
3. Word Processors
4. Spreadsheets
5. Presentation Graphics
6. Database Management Systems, and
7. Internet and its services.