BCA C programming

Evolution of programming languages, History, characteristics and applications of C, Structure of a C program, Compilation and execution process of a C program, C Tokens: Keywords, identifiers, constants, string literals, operators, Variables: Declaration, initialization, scope, and lifetime, Data Types: Basic data types (int, char, float, double, void), derived data types, user-defined data types, Type Casting: Implicit and explicit type conversion, Operators and Expressions: Arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, increment/decrement, conditional (ternary), special operators (sizeof, comma, address-of, dereference), Operator precedence and associativity

Standard Input and Output Functions, Formatted I/O: printf() and scanf(), Unformatted I/O Functions: Character I/O (getchar(), putchar(), getch(), getche(), putch()), Control Structures, Decision Making Statements, if statement, if-else statement, Nested if-else statement, else-if ladder, switch statement, Conditional operator (? :), Looping Statements, while loop, do-while loop, for loop, Nested loops, Jump Statements, break statement, continue statement, goto statement.

Functions, Introduction to functions: Advantages, function definition, function declaration/prototype, function call, Types of functions: Library functions vs. User-defined functions, Function arguments: Call by value, Call by reference, Recursion: Concepts and examples, Arrays, Introduction to arrays: Declaration, initialization, accessing elements, One-dimensional arrays: Processing and examples, Two-dimensional arrays: Declaration, initialization, accessing elements (matrix operations), Multi-dimensional arrays, Arrays and functions, Strings, Introduction to strings: Declaration, initialization, String input/output (gets, puts), String handling functions (strlen, strrev, strcpy, strupr, strlwr, strcmp, strcat), Array of strings

Structures and Unions, Defining and declaring structures, Accessing members, including nested structures, arrays of structures, Passing structures to functions, Defining and declaring unions; comparison with structures, Enumerations (Enums) and typedef implementation.

Pointer declaration, initialization, and dereferencing, Pointer arithmetic, Pointers with arrays, string, function, structure, Dynamic memory allocation: malloc, calloc, realloc, free, DMA with structure, Dangling pointers and memory leaks.

File Handling, Concepts of files (text vs. binary) and file operations (opening, closing, reading, writing), File modes and standard I/O functions (fgetc, fputc, fgets, fputs, fprintf, fscanf, fread, fwrite), Random access (fseek, ftell, rewind) and error handling, Command-Line Arguments, Introduction to main() function parameters (argc, argv), Passing and accessing arguments from the command line, Graphics in C, Introduction to graphics programming (basic concepts, graphics modes), Drawing primitives: Points, lines, and common geometric shapes (rectangles, circles, ellipses, arcs, polygons), Managing colors and fill styles for graphical output, Displaying and formatting text in graphics mode, Fundamentals of simple animation (clearing the screen, redrawing elements, using delays).